Energy saving.The effectiveness of using energy sources.

Energy saving today is one of the priority areas of policy and companies that are focused on dynamic development, both in terms of reducing the costs of their production of major products, and in accordance with the overall orientation of government programs aimed at reducing capacity production.Energy conservation is one of the most important tasks for any enterprise that is particularly faced with enterprises now, during the economic crisis.The technological and economic characteristics of the centralized heat supply of consumers are directly related to thermal energy.However, this is not the only factor that affects the specifics.Effective energy conservation can significantly reduce the cost of production and, as a result, increase its competition in the markets.

There are a large number of different methods of increasing rational use of existing energy resources and capacities.And the sooner the enterprise begins to introduce energy saving technologies, the sooner it will feel the positive effect of these events, which will be expressed in specific financial indicators."For energy conservation and increased energy efficiency and changes in certain legislative acts."The law represents the tasks of implementing measures aimed at reducing energy costs, namely:

• From January 1, 2010, a budget institution is forced to provide a decrease in comparable conditions for the volume of water consumed by it, natural gas, fuel oil, oil and other fuel, thermal energy, electricity over five years with at least fifteen percent of the volume it had actually consumed in 2009, each of the resources indicated by such a volume;
• By January 01, 2011, owners of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, during which the operation is used, are required to complement such facilities equipment by measuring used water equipment, natural gas, thermal energy, electricity, and the commissioning of measuring equipment installed in action;
• By May 15, 2010, state -owned organizations, including state and municipal institutions, are required to accept energy conservation programs and increase energy efficiency;
• Organizations with state participation, including state and municipal institutions are obliged to organize and conduct the first energy examination until December 31, 2012, subsequent energy surveys - at least once every five years.

Energy saving as a way to ensure the growing need for energy and energy sources is 2-5 times more profitable than building new capacities for the production of thermal and electrical energy for the same purposes.For our population, the high rate of growing internal energy prices and raw materials of energy to support and develop the fuel and energy complex is unacceptable, as labor productivity and payment level are several times lower than in the most developed countries.The rate of price increases should not exceed the rate of increase in labor productivity.Otherwise, the inflation will increase in place to the extent that the cost of power carriers increases.The exploding global economic crisis, which captured the world almost without a trace, paid particular attention to increased energy efficiency, as each ruble invested in the production of highly effective equipment creates 8 times more jobs than rubles invested in power production.The concept of effective energy growth in the country's economy should consist of 4 parts:

• energy storage programs;
• Stabilization of energy prices (for which confidence and interdependence between manufacturers, customers and transitors of energy resources must be ensured);
• Increasing the role of renewable atomic and non -traditional energy;
• Developing new energy technologies.

In recent years, radical changes have taken place in our country, which require a change in approach and psychology, making fundamentally new decisions.The most important of them includes: a) a cardinal change in the legal field;b) continuation of liberalization in the electricity industry and the gas industry;c) implementation of national projects;d) the emergence of a global systemic lack of energy capacity and the ability of the network economy;E) restrictions on hydrocarbons.

The effectiveness of using energy sources

Large modern enterprises are interested in reducing the cost of products to attract customers.And to reduce the cost, the entire production chain must be reorganized, the effectiveness of using energy sources is controlled.This is very important, as various energy sources are used in production.It can be electricity, heat and other resources.For more effective use, there are different methods.First of all, it is necessary to solve a psychological problem, which is a serious obstacle to the economy of electricity, that is, workers have no interest in the economic use of resources.Another problem is the undertaking of enterprise managers to reorganize the entire production process for the effective use of energy sources.So the process of reducing energy costs is achieved in different ways:

• reorganization of the enterprise and all production;
• stage reconstruction of the production process;
• determining the potential of energy conservation;
• implementation of programs for effective use of energy sources;
• Periodic technological observation of enterprises.

In large enterprises with their energy conservation specialists, energy audit programs have themselves been compiled with the involvement of experts from regional energy conservation centers.In small and medium -sized medium -sized enterprises, energy audit programs are developed by specialists from regional or republican energy conservation centers.These programs must have several stages:

Evaluation of energy conservation potential.At this stage, it is a detailed examination of the energy consumption of all large energy consumers, workshops and the entire enterprise for at least 5 years before the year examined.The data is processed on a computer, and mathematical models of energy consumption are built.The latter are needed to take into account the dependence of energy consumption on performance, temperature, quality of raw materials, etc.After processing the survey results, databases are created, including the following information:

• Consumption of basic energy sources (fuel, electricity, heat and water), both absolute and specific, designated in the unit of the main types of products;
• Consumption of basic energy sources for similar attitudes, workshops and enterprises of this industry abroad (helps create a situation with energy consumption in the analyzed enterprise: good, medium, bad, very bad);
• energy conservation potential, expressed in natural calculation (KW · H, Gj, T) and monetary calculation;
• The main ways to reduce energy spending in similar domestic and foreign enterprises (methods for achievement, costs, return periods, etc.).

Often, a control examination makes it possible to identify reserves for immediate energy savings (for example, improper operation of electrical lighting, low loading of equipment, large thermal and electrical losses, etc.).In most cases, control survey data are needed to develop a energy -saving strategy.Organizing accounting for energy consumption.Studies show that accurate organization of energy consumption accounting can save 5 ... 10 % of energy sources without additional measures.The best result is achieved when organizing an enterprise energy center, which contains a central computer with convenient software, a transmission data network for power consumption and primary equipment (meters and sensors).

Depending on the scale of the enterprise and the values of energy consumption, these elements of the energy center must be selected.So, for large enterprises (metallurgical, chemical, automobile), it is economically advised to create complex and expensive energy centers.A relatively inexpensive computer with simple software is suitable for small enterprises.Thus, organizing control over consumption of energy sources is the first and most important step towards their rational management:

• identifying workshops and sections that retaliate energy sources within the enterprise;
• a detailed audit of the accounts issued by the enterprise with organizations that supply energy;
• identifying the most effective ways of operating equipment equipment and maintaining these ways as much as possible;
• A strict quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of various energy saving measures in natural terms (GJ, KWNC, etc.) and monetary.

Developing and implementing measures to reduce TED consumption. Despite changes in industrial plant structures and their functioning methods, potential energy conservation skills are similar in them.They can be grouped into the following categories:

• Strategy of operation and maintenance;
• strategies for modernization of technological equipment and processes;
• Strategy for replacing existing equipment with a new, less sensitive energy and presenting new technologies.

For example, the current energy consumption of the enterprise is accepted for the initial state prior to the implementation of the energy conservation program.Then, based on the analysis of existing skills, control figures were created to reduce energy consumption at the end of each phase of the energy storage program.An important aspect of program implementation is the problem of motivating enterprise personnel to implement it.Information about the power conservation program must be in an accessible form brought to all interpreters participating in it.All program executives need to know that they will receive a real reward in implementing its stages.When developing energy saving measures in PP, it should be remembered that the following areas of savings exist:

• saving terrace by improving the power supply;
• Related savings by improving energy -use.

These measures are developed by energy engineers.The main ones are:

The right choice of energy carriers.Process process requires such an energy carrier that ensures the highest energy and economic effect.For example, for ovens and heating plants, direct use of fuel and electric heating should be compared;For the bucket and suppression of equipment-electricity, compressed air and steam (if available in the enterprise).The type of energy is chosen by comparing options and analyzing the inclusion of the following factors:

• technology requirements (change in product quality, raw material consumption, etc.);
• economic changes in the design and conditions of the operation of equipment;
• comparative energy costs;
• availability of necessary equipment;
• required period of time to replace equipment;
• The economic effect of the use of summer, the cost of environmental measures.

Costs of the options under consideration are determined by the expression z = emergency + + Ip+ eudpzud.e - σδzI,

where KPs are the capital costs for this technological installation regardless of the costs of installing verb;IP - operational costs without energy component;EUD - specific consumption of energy sources;P - annual production of products;Zud - the above specific energy costs;I - the effect of using ver.For current enterprises, an estimate of comparative options for current energy tariffs is allowed if the costs of the event are included in the enterprise fund.

1. Reducing the number of energy transformations.Since any energy transformation is associated with loss, the less sustainable transformations suffer the energy, the higher the overall efficiency.It is economically economically, it is advisable to replace compressed air with electricity wherever possible under technological conditions.
2. Development of rational energy saving schemes.The plant energy conservation scheme is a complex in which individual energy carriers are interdependent and often interchangeable.Developing a comprehensive energy supply scheme, related to technology and taking into account the technologically necessary parameters of all energy carriers, will detect savings reserves and indicate the sequence of their implementation.
3. Automation of power supply units.This includes measures such as the automation of the heating units, the boiler units, the substations and the insertion of the television and the automatic control of the motor power parameters and various assemblies.
4. Improving the quality of energy sources.Anydo change in the parameters of power sources (pressure, temperature, humidity, sulfur, ashes, quality of electricity, etc.) leads to a deterioration of the quality of products and an overload of power sources.

Thermal energy losses are classified into technology;Trader;Emergency This indicator is counted in the enterprise for a heating season, taking into account the costs of production and climatic conditions last year.The percentage of losses depends on the nature of the networks, temperature graphs, pressure, atmospheric temperature.